tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49976885321762496712024-02-20T16:04:19.817-08:00炳彰学瓷Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14512999898657707831noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4997688532176249671.post-87505988335002546222016-07-25T19:53:00.002-07:002016-07-25T19:54:17.599-07:002016-07-25 瓷器鉴定 -- 李辉炳 第九讲(听课笔记)<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">瓷器鉴定 瓷器鉴别31 -- 李辉炳 第9讲 (听课笔记)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元明青花纹饰:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝云纹画的非常活泼,像蝌蚪似的,尾巴摆的有劲。明初洪武以后画法比较复杂一些。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝梅花纹饰比较简单,花五个圈,洪武以后梅花,多渲染,有侧面,有正面,真实感多一些。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">莲花瓣纹,规律性比较强,元朝大多中间有空格,元青花往往有一个接边的。明朝洪武以后接边,连接在一起,接边的。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">菊花纹,元朝的菊花纹,都是单瓣,一层花瓣。明朝洪武以后双层花瓣,外层花瓣渲染,中间留白。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">回纹装饰,元朝一个一个画法。明朝洪武以后一正一反。龙纹有些有规律,有些没有什么规律,比较灵活。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《至正型龙纹大瓶》,蕉叶纹中间填色,缠枝莲的叶子是葫芦形,云纹像蝌蚪,莲花瓣纹有空格。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《洪武玉壶春瓶》,蕉叶纹叶经是空的,回纹装饰一正一反,竹叶纹有上有下,莲花瓣接边。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《元青花人物纹大罐》,缠枝莲纹葫芦形,竹子叶往上,莲花瓣纹空格,有仰俯莲纹,像一道短粗线。元青花的莲花瓣纹多数有仰俯莲纹,少数没有;仿品往往没有这一道纹饰,忽略了。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《明洪武的缠枝菊纹碗》, 口沿和底足回纹两个一组,一正一反。菊花纹,双层花瓣,外层青花渲染,内层留白。清代也继承明朝回纹纹饰。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《洪武青花缠枝莲大盘》</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元青花缠枝牡丹花瓣肥大。洪武青花缠枝牡丹,莲瓣纹不留空格,连边。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">土耳其元青花,元朝龙纹,细脖子龙,犄角较长,龙没有须,龙尾有点像蛇尾,整体很生动活泼,云纹像蝌蚪,有三爪,有五爪。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">明朝,品字云。元朝梅花画法,花五个圈比较简单,明朝梅花画法比较真实。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">梅瓶的底,刀削,像削苹果,不是旋,挖足不深。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《元青花盖罐》牡丹花纹肥大,狮钮</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《洪武釉里红玉壶春瓶》菊花瓣纹</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《洪武青花执壶》把外侧,内侧都有花纹是洪武的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐青花鸡心碗》回纹,永乐有,宣德也有,永乐是单瓣,宣德是双瓣。宣德是海水在外,回纹在里,永乐是海水在内,回纹在外。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《元青花龙纹罐》有张嘴,釉闭嘴。刀削足。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《元青花龙纹玉壶春瓶》三爪,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">高安出土元青花梅瓶,4个,窖藏出土,都带盖子。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《元青花龙纹缠枝牡丹大罐》</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝凤纹,鹦鹉嘴,脖子细长。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">明宣德,凤纹像鸡。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">嘉靖</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元青花,葡萄纹,不渲染,不留白,明朝葡萄纹留白,折枝花永乐常见。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝西瓜纹,椭圆形,留白。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">明朝西瓜纹,园形,中间留白。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元青花竹子纹都是朝上。松树叶子往上走,线条非常细。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《明青花松竹梅图香炉》从松叶纹,竹叶纹,梅花的画法,归于永乐宣德时期。不渲染是永乐宣德,渲染的是明中期。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">唐宋瓷器的烧制方法:半截釉,胎较厚,器型比较浅。碗心有三个爪钉,玉璧形底。断代为唐代初期。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">改进型,每个碗有个匣子装碗烧制,碗内没有支钉,碗形有深有浅,比较精细,胎比较薄,满釉,玉璧形底,断代唐代中期或者后期。</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14512999898657707831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4997688532176249671.post-61116359115895888802016-07-22T18:12:00.000-07:002016-07-22T18:12:26.686-07:002016-07-22 瓷器鉴定 - 李辉炳 第七讲 (听课笔记)<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">瓷器鉴定 瓷器鉴别29 -- 李辉炳 第7讲 (听课笔记)</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-5a87b323-1544-5f75-0b9a-0114c10af820" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">氧化钴青料:</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">进口青料 -- 含铁量高,含锰量低。含铁量高表现在局部的,不是普遍的,呈现黑色结晶斑点,紫红色很少,几乎没有。</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r344DGIsUw4/V5LBulL2-qI/AAAAAAAAExM/59znPyE8bMoOgHGb7wC8ZAfcJCZPwtKpwCK4B/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r344DGIsUw4/V5LBulL2-qI/AAAAAAAAExM/59znPyE8bMoOgHGb7wC8ZAfcJCZPwtKpwCK4B/s320/16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">国产青料 -- 含铁量低,含锰量高。无黑色结晶斑点,蓝中发紫红的颜色,不是局部而是普遍的。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v_-qOyWh7s0/V5LByL8CtMI/AAAAAAAAExU/zBoXKIR9I4QukEALUoKPqY36n8e11x3iwCK4B/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v_-qOyWh7s0/V5LByL8CtMI/AAAAAAAAExU/zBoXKIR9I4QukEALUoKPqY36n8e11x3iwCK4B/s320/17.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">对掌握青花瓷器断代非常重要,这是基本理论和基本情况。</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">青花原料的不同,把青花瓷器分为如下几个主要阶段:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1、元朝,从波斯蓝进口青料,是最好的苏青料;</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2、洪武时期,使用进口青料,加工改造苏青料后的剩余料。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3、永乐和宣德时期,永宣不分,使用苏青料为主,宣德开始少量实验使用乐平的平等青料;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4、成化,弘治、正德,明中期,成化开始使用乐平青料,成化初期还有少量的苏青料。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5、嘉靖万历时期,使用回青料,含铁量最低,含锰量最高,呈蓝中带紫红颜色。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6、清三代,康雍乾三朝,使用云南的珠明料,呈翠兰色,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7、嘉庆以后,青花漂浮的厉害,好像在釉上画的一样,时代越晚,漂浮感觉越明显。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">青花原料和青花瓷器的年代</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">青花原料是氧化钴,不是氧化铜。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">氧化钴分进口和国产两类</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">进口原料含铁量高,含锰量低。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝、洪武、永乐、宣德使用进口青料;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">成化、弘治、正德和清代以后使用国产青料;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">青花原料是鉴定青花瓷器的一把尺子。分为几个步骤:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">分析一下青花瓷器的原料;进口料还是国产料?这一步是正确与否的关键;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">造假、仿制的青花,一般讲是国产青料仿进口青料;但是由于性能的不同,很难达到乱真的地步,包括明仿元,明仿明,清仿明,近现代仿制。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">高铁低锰料,线条比较粗犷,线条之间有相互干扰,不很清晰,并有晕散的特点,也因时代的不同而各异。含有铁,有结晶斑点,天然不规则,无人为痕迹。青料往胎体里渗,几乎没有紫红的颜色。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">国产青料绘制的线条,比较精细,比较稳定,线条之间不干扰,没有晕散的特点。结晶斑不自然,生硬。国产青料往釉上漂,多少有紫红颜色。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">元朝青花,典型,至正型,装饰风格波斯西亚,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">多层次,密集型,不留地装饰风格。</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">西亚文化风格与我们不一样。苏青料和要去的装饰风格互相矛盾,当时的景德镇窑工对青料进行加工提炼,以适应图案要求。精品元青花特点,线条比较精细,表现线条美,线条间不干扰,釉料厚薄均匀,火候比较适度,如果火候过高,容易晕散。如果火候过低,气泡过多,色彩暗淡。表现线条美,线条稳定,白瓷微微带点青色。釉色透明。</span></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xGaSQk1KNa4/V5LCnmJohVI/AAAAAAAAExg/IQ8NOaASyjklGv72P5jKxGIuB4sgMo6cACK4B/s1600/unspecified.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xGaSQk1KNa4/V5LCnmJohVI/AAAAAAAAExg/IQ8NOaASyjklGv72P5jKxGIuB4sgMo6cACK4B/s320/unspecified.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-25tiHtbYfzg/V5LDR9Z66_I/AAAAAAAAExw/E5qPT15kTkcD6Za3kZK4cn5KZPNz_zjRACK4B/s1600/20.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-25tiHtbYfzg/V5LDR9Z66_I/AAAAAAAAExw/E5qPT15kTkcD6Za3kZK4cn5KZPNz_zjRACK4B/s320/20.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">洪武青花与元青花区别明显,纹饰层次比元青花少,粗犷,颜色发褐色,画折枝花比较多,图案疏朗,没有画人物,釉带奶白色。洪武瓷器存世量不多。</span></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1ryZigxzTqU/V5LDtK-1RsI/AAAAAAAAEx8/tuCwDTDMAoIQb_s0nA63iAy0oJZ6XtZ5QCK4B/s1600/unspecified.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1ryZigxzTqU/V5LDtK-1RsI/AAAAAAAAEx8/tuCwDTDMAoIQb_s0nA63iAy0oJZ6XtZ5QCK4B/s320/unspecified.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">永乐青花,观念上的改变,把苏青料的晕散,黑色结晶斑点不作为缺点,不进行提炼和改造,反而加以发扬,使用青料厚,窑温度高,含铁量高,流淌明显。图案从致密变为疏朗,线条粗犷,折枝花图案,永乐时期观念上的改变是鉴定永乐青花的根源。</span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14512999898657707831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4997688532176249671.post-56969378542295926282016-07-22T13:51:00.001-07:002016-07-22T13:51:18.608-07:00 2016-07-22 瓷器鉴定 - 李辉炳 第八讲 (听课笔记)<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">瓷器鉴定 瓷器鉴别30 -- 李辉炳 第8讲 (听课笔记)</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-accf9818-144d-4b86-73fb-06af41a00652" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">永乐特点:使用青料比较厚,火候偏高,流淌性较大。与元青花特点相比,根本的不同点是对青料的态度,元青花把苏渤泥青料作为一个做缺点进行提炼、改造,明永乐欣赏苏青的特点,把它作为一个做优点,进行发扬,晕散,黑色斑点很重,渗入胎骨很重,这是永乐青花不同于元青花。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dcYMe6xKL4A/V5KD7EDM2MI/AAAAAAAAEu8/1Fwuk5sNSwASbKp04K9Uk3FVNncu0PexQCK4B/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dcYMe6xKL4A/V5KD7EDM2MI/AAAAAAAAEu8/1Fwuk5sNSwASbKp04K9Uk3FVNncu0PexQCK4B/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RZzMJwGeuVA/V5KD8vIUWEI/AAAAAAAAEvE/zF4BTPlSLQMFix6jyeA97LQXL-TCo1HeACK4B/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RZzMJwGeuVA/V5KD8vIUWEI/AAAAAAAAEvE/zF4BTPlSLQMFix6jyeA97LQXL-TCo1HeACK4B/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ga080Oqhl_o/V5KD-daBerI/AAAAAAAAEvM/Cqh47TnfUSUAZEaSFzdy9Ha3z64ajZ0tACK4B/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ga080Oqhl_o/V5KD-daBerI/AAAAAAAAEvM/Cqh47TnfUSUAZEaSFzdy9Ha3z64ajZ0tACK4B/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1宣德青花,初期继承了永乐特点、观点。永宣不分。火候偏高,成色与永乐差不多,属宣德早期。2宣德青花本色,淡雅一点,着重线条,黑色结晶斑点有,晕散有,但比永乐少一些。火候比较适度,画人物开始多起来了。3宣德青花温度偏低,密密麻麻的气泡。从浓艳型转淡雅型。三种情况:1继承永乐;2自己风格;3温度偏低(时代较早,使用国产青料)实验性产品。皇宫内的官窑瓷器,文具、餐具、卫生用具都是瓷器。宣德开始大量使用瓷器。宣德款瓷器保留较多。洪武、永乐瓷器外销较多。</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oBZFxgVaMuw/V5KEn52PLeI/AAAAAAAAEvw/du8yxlCs7dY62S-PUxC9JOM4BTnY4I-CQCK4B/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oBZFxgVaMuw/V5KEn52PLeI/AAAAAAAAEvw/du8yxlCs7dY62S-PUxC9JOM4BTnY4I-CQCK4B/s320/7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">成化瓷器,一次观念性的改变,从进口青料过渡到国产青料的朝代,分界线。成化发展了斗彩,上下彩争艳斗彩,釉上和釉下彩争艳斗彩。青花瓷器,代表釉下彩,和釉上红绿彩。斗彩瓷器,青花画轮廓线,然后填彩二次烧制。国产青料淡雅型和斗彩瓷器发展有很大的关系。线条稳定。</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YQ3RC1iTOGQ/V5KFPjxJbqI/AAAAAAAAEwA/aO-Yp5brAHoYns1OhR3lush5EC3KpJShgCK4B/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YQ3RC1iTOGQ/V5KFPjxJbqI/AAAAAAAAEwA/aO-Yp5brAHoYns1OhR3lush5EC3KpJShgCK4B/s320/9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-suHjKmx13KA/V5KFRIUb_lI/AAAAAAAAEwI/MvOiIr6CXs08pCALSs7g_j4nxnbquBDAgCK4B/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-suHjKmx13KA/V5KFRIUb_lI/AAAAAAAAEwI/MvOiIr6CXs08pCALSs7g_j4nxnbquBDAgCK4B/s320/10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">正德青花,比较灰暗,温度最低,釉气泡非常多。密密麻麻的笼罩,像米汤似的,在青花瓷器上,青花颜色呈现不充分,偏灰。温度偏高是永乐,温度偏低是正德。</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UqyY18DVZs0/V5KGlDL7HTI/AAAAAAAAEwc/aKf5Wz0Y1DMBXBH7G7leguWxrRWa5vkZQCK4B/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UqyY18DVZs0/V5KGlDL7HTI/AAAAAAAAEwc/aKf5Wz0Y1DMBXBH7G7leguWxrRWa5vkZQCK4B/s320/12.jpg" width="292" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_fppTYmI0kQ/V5KGmrxtk3I/AAAAAAAAEwk/6Njni81C_5syIISpvJkkh7O8UJbe_cSCgCK4B/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_fppTYmI0kQ/V5KGmrxtk3I/AAAAAAAAEwk/6Njni81C_5syIISpvJkkh7O8UJbe_cSCgCK4B/s320/13.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">嘉靖青花,使用回青料,含铁量最低,含锰量最高,蓝中发紫红最明显,蓝中带紫色。后期偏灰。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19obUF3l1rQ/V5KHKH-A6hI/AAAAAAAAEww/-MKZd7ZkkBADN8o6DQ0wjg3kOIMlOaLEwCK4B/s1600/14.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19obUF3l1rQ/V5KHKH-A6hI/AAAAAAAAEww/-MKZd7ZkkBADN8o6DQ0wjg3kOIMlOaLEwCK4B/s320/14.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SVviifJmzh0/V5KHN6oveBI/AAAAAAAAEw8/05Beyw2VK9oFM4Qajl8BK_H0volEHyxfQCK4B/s1600/15.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SVviifJmzh0/V5KHN6oveBI/AAAAAAAAEw8/05Beyw2VK9oFM4Qajl8BK_H0volEHyxfQCK4B/s320/15.jpg" width="303" /></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">康熙青花,开始使用云南珠明料,蓝色翠兰,透明,可以渲染,能深能浅,非常鲜艳,仿宣德较多,</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">雍正青花,略,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">乾隆青花,略,</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">嘉道以后走下坡路。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐青花大盘》,使用青料厚,火候偏高,因此线条晕散,黑色斑点最重,黑乎乎的花纹图案,折枝花图案较多,器型较大,胎体不太变形。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐青花执壶》执壶把,永乐宣德都是外部有图案,内无图案,但是洪武时期执壶把内外都有图案,这是个鉴定点。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐鸡心碗》底足有突出部分,得名鸡心碗。花纹图案黑乎乎的特点。菊瓣单层是永乐的,双层的就是宣德的,</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐龙纹海水扁壶》西亚风格,出口瓷器。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《宣德抱月壶》纹饰较清晰。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《永乐折枝花纹鸟纹折沿盘》</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《宣德人物侍女纹碗》人物线条基本清晰。永乐画人物图案几乎没有。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《宣德青花龙纹渣斗》《宣德鸟型器》使用苏渤青料,青花温度偏小于1200度,釉上气泡偏多。宣德年制比大明宣德年制(一般讲是宣德八年之后)要早。正德青花青料发灰。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《宣德青花高足杯》浓艳型青花特点。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">成化青花,线条清晰,从浓艳型变为淡雅型,成化初期还有苏渤青料存在。《成化青花龙纹碗》代表器,胎薄,釉滑,如玉感,纹饰淡雅,釉色蓝中发点紫红,嘉靖后非常明显。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《正德青花人物纹盖罐》温度偏低,气泡把蓝色笼罩着,看起来蓝中偏灰。</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《嘉靖青花开光葫芦瓶》造型天圆地方,图案常见仙鹤,与道教有关。青花蓝中发紫。色深紫红。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">万历青花也紫红,发灰。蒜头瓶嘉靖万历较多,之前几乎没有。</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">蕉叶纹,瓶口,区别元代和明初,明中期。缠枝莲纹,元朝是葫芦形叶子,洪武以后就不是了。牡丹纹</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14512999898657707831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4997688532176249671.post-45688426767062304942016-07-21T16:58:00.001-07:002016-07-21T17:22:22.145-07:002016-07-20 瓷器鉴定 - 李辉炳 第六讲 (听课笔记)<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-820f1351-0fe3-1b07-cfe9-64075a056d98" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">瓷器鉴定 - 李辉炳 第六讲 (听课笔记)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">耀州窑底足刀削;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">刻花纹两刀刻;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">条形篦纹花纹收口收拢比较特别,新的很难仿,这是鉴别耀州窑的关键点;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">耀州窑仿制很多;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">青花瓷器鉴定:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">青花最具有中华民族特色的瓷器,以景德镇为中心。元明清重点发展。纹饰区别时代,底款真假辨别。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">反对唐青花,宋青花之说,只从元青花开始,颜料,胎和釉为标准。原料氧化钴,釉下彩。唐代陶器以为主,陶胎和釉质,类似唐三彩。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">元青花至正型龙纹大瓶一对。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">唯一的宋青花(陶)碗,陶胎。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">元青花给人感觉透彻明亮,不是灰暗。画纹活泼自然。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">唐三彩罐子,钴蓝花纹。波斯出现更早。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">元青花牡丹纹塔式盖瓶,九江市博物馆藏品,景德镇产地,有确切纪年延佑六年,元代中期,国产颜料,钴土矿。青花瓷器最早使用的是国产颜料,不是波斯颜料,比至正龙纹大瓶早三十年,使用国产青料,但颜色发灰,不明亮,具备了青花雏形。云头披肩纹,罐子梅瓶等常见纹饰,中部缠枝牡丹,底部莲花瓣纹。是最早带纪年的青花瓷器。</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">好的元代青花瓷器是波斯蓝和中国瓷器的结合。中西文化交流的结晶。从元朝中期开始,外销为主。李辉炳老师考察土耳其伊斯坦布尔元青花后,出了本书介绍外国博物馆馆藏元青花,非常精致,属来料加工,土耳其约40件,伊朗将近20件。世界上元青花最集中的地方。苏波尼青料源产于伊朗。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">土耳其伊斯坦布尔有元青花,洪武青花,永乐青花,但没有宣德青花,很大启示:永乐青花没有款的瓷器为了外销商品。永乐皇宫刚开始用官窑瓷器。耿宝昌大师的师傅有句名言:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">宣德的无款是永乐。</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">比带款的早。但不见正式出版文字证明。永乐遗址的青花瓷器都没款,宣德遗址的80-90%以上都有款。永宣不分,区别永宣瓷器很有帮助。宣德官窑不出口外销,多自用。</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">伊斯坦布尔博物馆里洪武青花比较少,土耳其与明洪武外交关系不佳,青料质量低劣,使用元朝余料烧造。宣德双圈款较多,始于宣德。双方款始于成化。双方款宣德炉,假的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">纹饰断代的重要依据。如:元朝龙纹,细脖子龙明显特征。火石红很容易仿,氧化原因造成。窑气千变万化,瓷器在窑内烧制,不同位置,不同窑气等因素造成不同的颜色,灵活掌握判断</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">青料的辨别是青花瓷器断代最主要的因素。纹饰演变规律,不同时代对比。底款布局,字间距等,写款是一道工序,有专人负责写,仿的总是不像的。</span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14512999898657707831noreply@blogger.com0